Eastman Johnson Catalogue Raisonné
Patricia Hills, PhD, Founder and Director | Abigael MacGibeny, MA, Project Manager

Guide to the Eastman Johnson Catalogue Raisonné

Works included in the Eastman Johnson Catalogue Raisonné

The Eastman Johnson Catalogue Raisonné Team is of the opinion, based on sound evidence, that the works of art included in this catalogue were done by the hand of Eastman Johnson. The absence of a work should not be taken as proof that it is by an artist other than Johnson, but simply that the evidence is not available or conclusive. We cannot include such works in the EJCR. We keep separate records for works that require further study because of a lack of convincing evidence, including visual appearance, provenance, exhibition history, and/or inclusion in John I. H. Baur’s original and scholarly “General Catalogue” in An American Genre Painter: Eastman Johnson, 1824–1906, 1940. Potential works by Johnson often need to be directly examined by someone with expertise in connoisseurship and/or with conservation training. —PH and AM

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Historical sources used to identify works and create catalogue entries

The first source that Patricia Hills began recording for the Eastman Johnson Catalogue Raisonné (EJCR) entries was “The General Catalogue,” included in John I. H. Baur’s seminal exhibition catalogue, An American Genre Painter: Eastman Johnson, 1824–1906, 1940. A Yale-trained art historian, at that time Baur made numbered entries “for as many of the paintings and drawings by Eastman Johnson as could be located in the limited time preceding” the exhibition. The total came to 491 works published in the catalogue, based on pages from three notebooks Baur had carefully annotated with date, media, dimensions, and owner. Following publication, he added some new entries to his notebooks; these works have been included in the EJCR. (See Baur, Archives of American Art.)

Another major source was Henry Tuckerman’s 1867 Book of the Artist: American Artist Life Comprising Biographical and Critical Sketches of American Artists: Preceded by an Historical Account of the Rise & Progress of Art in America, in which Tuckerman wrote a lengthy essay on Johnson and mentioned twenty-one specific paintings. At the end of his book, Tuckerman listed the major art patrons of his time along with the works of art each owned. The patrons owning Johnson works were G. W. Riggs, Rev. H. W. Beecher, William T. Blodgett, J. L. Claghorn, A. M. Cozzens, R. M. Olyphant, R. L. Stuart, August Belmont, J. Taylor Johnston, Marshall O. Roberts, Gen. John A. Dix, the late Col. Wilder Dwight, Robert Hoe, J. Harrison, and J. C. McGuire; the total of Johnson works owned by this group numbered 28.

In 1907, the year following Johnson’s death, his widow, Elizabeth Buckley Johnson, arranged for the American Art Galleries to hold an auction of 151 works, primarily the paintings left in his studio at the time of his death that had not been set aside for the families of Johnson’s siblings. In the EJCR the catalogue is referred to as the 1907 Estate Sale. Included are numbers for each entry, a lengthy description, the placement of a signature, and measurements. Baur gave Hills access to his copy, which also included pencil notations of all the auction sale prices (without the “$” sign), and sometimes the buyer, e.g. "[810.00/Thos. H. Hubbard]". It is unknown who wrote the notations; perhaps William Barnes Cogswell, married to one of Johnson’s nieces, whose name appears as the buyer in many of the entries. The author of the catalogue descriptions probably worked for the auction house, but may also have been Mrs. Johnson or a collaborative effort with Mrs. Johnson—using language calculated to enhance the marketability of the works. About seventeen descriptions and/or titles include racist language and negative stereotypes; such works have been flagged for the viewer, and in many cases a more relevant description by Hills has been given precedence. 

Mary Bartlett Cowdrey in her study, The American Academy of Fine Arts and American Art-Union, 1953, listed the works that Johnson sent for exhibition at the American Art-Union while he was abroad. Titles were also gleaned from the compilations of the annual exhibitions held at the National Academy of Design in the years from 1856 to 1900. Newspapers and journals contemporary to the artworks often carried news of works on exhibition, up for sale, or on view in Johnson’s studio.

For the 1999 retrospective exhibition of Johnson’s work, Eastman Johnson: Painting America, held at the Brooklyn Museum of Art, Julie M. Douglass compiled the “Lifetime Exhibition History,” which filled in a large number of known exhibitions with Johnson titles for the years of his lifetime. 

In the twentieth century, art galleries often featured the works of Johnson. One catalogue published by Kennedy Galleries in 1920 listed all the drawings on exhibition, plus a checklist of known (at that time) works by Johnson. Unfortunately, the information published was limited to titles only; hence, such lists were mostly useful only to the exhibition histories of particular works. Other exhibition and auction house catalogues of both the nineteenth and twentieth centuries were consulted at the Frick Art Reference Library, New York, which also had an extensive file of photographs of Johnson works. Catalogues of art galleries in the twenty-first century are often immediately available online. 

Most importantly, for the last fifty years, Hills has been reviewing rediscovered works brought to her attention by gallerists, owners, and auction houses. These occasions have allowed for a close examination, often with the use of an ultraviolet light, of the fronts and backs of paintings including signatures, as well as taking measurements. In some instances, she has had the opportunity to consult with a conservator experienced in examinations of Johnson’s work. Abigael MacGibeny has also found new works through a variety of sources. —PH

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Catalogue page

The Catalogue page is the doorway to all of Johnson’s works. By default, the works are displayed by Hills number. At any time you can sort all works by Hills no., Date, or Title.

The Catalogue page offers several other ways to explore Johnson’s work:

- Browse by theme

- Filter by Classification: Painting, Drawing, or Print. 

- Filter by Decade when the works were created

- Filter by Locale depicted in the work, which generally corresponds with where Johnson created the work

- Filter by Keyword

You can combine filters to refine your search. For example, you can choose to see only paintings done 1870–79 depicting Nantucket, Massachusetts. —AM

Classifications

In the EJCR, Johnson’s work is organized by classification: paintings, drawings, or prints.

Classifications are based on the medium used. All of Johnson's paintings were done in oil on a support of canvas or some type of manufactured composition board. Most of his drawings were done on paper. His works in pastel or ink on canvas are classified as drawings. His prints are almost all lithographs.

The classifications are searchable using the Classifications filter on the left side of the Catalogue page. You can combine the Classification search with other searches using the other filters; for example, you can choose to see paintings done from 1870 to 1879 by using the Classification and Decade filters together. You can also see the classifications organized by their subject matter themes on the Works by theme page. —AM

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Themes

After classification, Johnson’s work is organized by subject-matter theme. These themes are roughly chronological, providing a progressive view of the ways in which the artist’s interests and oeuvre developed, as well as the different locations where he was working throughout his career. His earliest paintings were genre scenes created during his sojourn in Europe (Düsseldorf, Germany and The Hague, The Netherlands); his late paintings were primarily portraits created in New York. Drawing themes parallel the painting themes in terms of subject matter, although the timing differs; Johnson began drawing years before he went to Europe to learn to paint, and his earliest drawings were mainly portraits done in the U.S. (Maine, Boston, and Washington, D.C.).

Within the Catalogue page, you can find themes two ways:

 - Click the “Browse works by theme” link at the top of the page to see a full listing

- Select the Themes filter on the left side of the page to narrow down your search to individual themes. —AM

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Individual catalogue entries

Numbering

Each artwork in the EJCR is assigned a Hills number. Each Hills number consists of three parts: theme number, then subtheme number, and finally sequence within the subtheme. For example, Self-Portrait, owned by the National Academy of Design, is assigned Hills number 32.2.1. Theme 32 designates self-portraits, the subtheme 2 denotes those works made in the United States, and Self-Portrait is the first in the sequence.

    • Themes represent the major types of subject matter in Johnson’s work, which generally correspond to dates and locations where he worked. Among his paintings, those made while he was a young artist studying in Europe from 1849–55 come first in the catalogue, while portraits, which he made throughout his career but which constituted his primary subject matter late in his career, come toward the end.

    • Sub-themes represent variations within types of subject matter. For example, Johnson’s paintings of Nantucket life made during the years in which he spent his summers in Nantucket, Massachusetts, are organized into seven subthemes, such as 26.1 Nantucket Genre—Indoors, 26.2 Nantucket Genre—Outdoors, and 26.3 Nantucket Cornhusking.

    • Sequence: Within a subtheme, artworks generally are numbered chronologically (with inscribed dates coming before circa dates), and then by size (smaller to larger), keeping like subjects together for visual continuity. Portraits are sequenced alphabetically by name (last, first), then by date, then by size.

Some works have different works on their versos. In these cases, each of the two works is assigned to a theme based on its own subject matter, and "r" and "v" are added to their respective Hills numbers to designate each as either the recto or the verso.

After the initial publication of the EJCR, original Hills numbers are retained even if newly discovered information changes the parameters by which the numbers were assigned. In the future, newly added works will be assigned new numbers at the end of the themes to which they are assigned. If a newly added work requires a new theme or sub-theme, the new theme or sub-theme will be assigned a new theme or sub-theme number at the end of the list of themes or the specific theme to which it relates. If a work were to be removed from the catalogue, its Hills number would be removed and not reused.

Two other types of catalogue numbers are featured prominently with artworks in the EJCR. The 1907 Sale number is shown in the entry for any work that was offered in the 1907 sale of Johnson’s estate by the American Art Association. The Baur number is shown in the entry for any work catalogued in John I. H. Baur, An American Genre Painter: Eastman Johnson, 1824–1906, 1940. The Concordance that is part of the EJCR lists all artworks with their Hills, 1907 Sale, and Baur numbers for quick reference. —AM

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Title

Titles used in the 1907 sale of Eastman Johnson’s estate—the largest sale ever of his work and one connected directly to his studio—are used as main titles for all works included in that sale. For other works, historical titles are used: those given by Johnson or used in exhibitions and period publications during his lifetime. In the absence of 1907 sale or historical titles, main titles are those used by museums and other public institutions, John I. H. Baur, Patricia Hills, or auction houses or galleries, in that order.

Portraits are titled with the names of their sitters. When known, historical titles are used, followed by the sitter’s name in parentheses. The married names of women are included in addition to their surnames at birth, unless it is known that their portraits were done prior to their marriages.

Occasionally historical titles are updated for accuracy and appropriateness. The cataloguers are mindful of racist language and negative stereotypes used in historical sources; see the Racist Language/Negative Sterotypes Statement. Descriptive titles are given when no other is available.

If the main title of a work in the EJCR differs from the title used by an institution that is the present owner, the institution’s title is presented immediately beneath the EJCR main title.

Over time, many of Johnson’s works accumulated different titles as they moved through exhibitions, sales, and public and private collections. Alternate titles are listed beneath the main title, as well as within the Exhibition History and Text References, with the dates those titles were used, when known.

When a work may have been shown in an exhibition or listed in a publication, but the identification is not certain, the title used in the exhibition or publication is included with the qualifier “possibly.” —AM

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Date

There are three types of dates: inscribed, circa, and evidence.

Inscribed dates in Johnson’s hand on the surfaces of works are considered authoritative. Johnson typically would fully sign and often date works for exhibitions, commissions, and sales through galleries and auction houses. 

Circa dates are estimates, based on factors including:

    • Locale. The place depicted and/or the location where Johnson was working may suggest a circa date. See Chronology for more information.

    • Direct relationship to another work. For example, a work may be given a circa date that is the same as the inscribed date of another version, and a study may be given an earlier circa date than the inscribed date of the finished work.

    • Subject matter, style, or technique. A work’s circa date may be based on the dates of other works to which it bears a resemblance in Johnson’s subject matter, style, or technique, all of which changed over time.

    • Portrait sitter appearance and relationship. In the case of undated portraits, a circa date may be based on the life dates and apparent age of the sitter, or years when Johnson and the sitter may have been in contact.

    • Exhibition date. When a work is known only from having been exhibited during Johnson’s lifetime, then the date of the exhibition generally serves as the circa date of the work.

Evidence dates may be certain or circa, and typically come from texts by reliable sources. These include Johnson’s correspondence; diary references by patrons and sitters; and historical newspaper articles mentioning that Johnson is working on or has recently completed a particular work. The rationale for evidence dates is explained in the catalogue entries. —AM

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Locale

Locale refers to the location depicted in a work, which often (but not always) coincides with Johnson's location when he created it. For example, Johnson sketched his maple sugar pictures in Maine and his cranberry pictures in Nantucket, but may have completed finished paintings of those scenes in his studio in New York; in these cases the locales are listed as Maine and Nantucket. The locale is assumed to be New York, the location of his studio, unless otherwise indicated. Locales are searchable using the Locale filter on the left side of the Catalogue page.

Note that Locale is different from the "Euro" and "U.S." locations that appear in the names of themes (e.g., 30.3 Euro Portraits, Women), which refer specifically to the locations where the works were created. —AM

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Medium

Paintings: Johnson used oil paints, no doubt from tubes, for his paintings. Supports can vary: either canvas or the new composition boards on the market at that time [see Technical Information on Johnson’s Practices]. When a documentary source, such as Baur 1940, reports that the support is “academy board,” that term has been retained; however, that is a trademark for one company’s paper/pulp composition board, and we have not seen any such trademark stamps on the versos of these boards.

Drawings: Although Johnson used graphite pencils for most of his sketches, the majority of Johnson’s commissioned and/or exhibitable drawings are made with charcoal or fabricated black chalk. Some sources call the medium “crayon,” but that is imprecise because many contemporary crayon products have different proportions of waxy or oily binders depending upon the manufacturer. According to Nancy Ash, Scott Homolka, Stephanie Lussier, Rebecca Pollak, and Eliza Spaulding in Renée Wolcott, ed., "Descriptive Terminology for Works of Art on Paper": “The term crayon traditionally has been used as a generic term for any fabricated drawing stick, encompassing a continuum of dry media ranging from fabricated chalks (with virtually invisible binders) through conte crayons (some perceptible binder) to oil pastels and wax crayons (highly visible binders)."

A high wax or oil content does not easily allow for the use of the stump to erase the crayon passages in order to create the highlights favored by Johnson. He may have used the harder fabricated black chalk. See also James Watrous, The Craft of Old‑Master Drawings (Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1967) and Caroline Corrigan, translated and edited by Marjorie B. Cohn, “Drawing Techniques,” Old Master Prints and Drawings: A Guide to Preservation and Conservation (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 1997), 68-72.

In the EJCR we have generally followed the lead of the medium recorded by the larger museums, which would have been determined in consultation with conservators, or by John I. H. Baur. When I have seen the use of the stump, I have recorded the medium as charcoal. 

The support for drawings is usually paper, rarely rag paper; more often than not the paper contains a high percentage of wood pulp, causing it to turn yellow or brown with time and exposure to light. When known, the grade of paper (for example, wove paper) is noted.

I thank Joan Irving, Drawings Curator, Winterthur, University of Delaware Program in Art Conservation, for vetting this explanation and providing useful citations.

Prints: In his youth, Johnson had worked in a lithography shop in Boston and learned to handle that medium. A few of his portraits done in Europe, originally thought to be drawings, are actually lithographs.  With only one exception, all his prints are lithographs. 

See Technical Information on Johnson’s Practices for more information. —PH

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Dimensions

Dimensions of artworks are expressed in inches as well as centimeters. Height precedes width. Dimensions represent the unframed work unless otherwise indicated. For prints, both image and sheet sizes are included if known. When Hills has personally measured a work, her dimensions are used. Otherwise, dimensions from the most credible available source are used. Sources may include institutional owners and private collectors, John I. H. Baur’s 1940 catalogue An American Genre Painter: Eastman Johnson, 1824–1906, exhibition catalogues, and galleries and auction houses. —AM

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Inscription

Sources for inscriptions are Hills’s examination notes and photographs, information supplied by owners, gallery records, and a wide variety of historical and contemporary published sources. 

For works sent out to exhibition, Johnson almost always painted his name as “E. Johnson,” in either the lower left or lower right corner, followed by the date on a line slightly below the signature. The slash (/) indicates the line break.

The initials “E. J.” are not always done by Johnson’s hand. Conservator Sheldon Keck noted that initials were added later to Johnson’s painting Woman on a Hill (see Keck 1942). Other instances of initials are clearly not integrated with the body of the painting—perhaps inserted by Johnson’s widow Elizabeth when she was selling his work after his death.

Finished works that are unsigned often seem to be near-duplicates of those in exhibitions or on the market; such works seem not to have left his studio. 

Johnson sometimes signed very early drawings “J. E. Johnson,” but soon dropped the “J” (for “Jonathan”).  In the 1880s, he often flattened the tops of the “8” numbers, particularly evident in his canvas portraits.

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Remarks

Remarks provide background and context for individual artworks. They include quotations from historical sources (visual descriptions from the catalogue of the 1907 sale of Johnson’s estate and other sales, quotations from historical correspondence and exhibition reviews, etc.) as well as commentary by Hills and MacGibeny highlighting features of the works and their histories. (For interpretive discussions of the works, see the Bibliography.) Remarks are dated and presented in reverse chronological order to give prominence to the most recent perspectives. Catalogue entries whose historical quotations contain what we today realize is racist language or reinforcement of negative stereotypes also include links to the Racist Language/Negative Stereotypes Statement. —AM

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Provenance

Provenance—the chain of ownership of a work of art—is synthesized from a variety of sources, including: first-hand knowledge of current owners’ works; records of institutional and private collectors; sale catalogues; gallery and auction house stockbooks and sales logs; historical publications listing ownership; historical correspondence; and inscriptions and letters written by Johnson. The credibility of each source is considered, and due diligence is done to corroborate provenance with additional sources and supporting evidence. This work is ongoing.

In some cases in which ownership is possible but not certain (for example, when it is known that a particular collector owned a painting with a certain title, but it could have been any one of multiple versions of a painting with that title by Johnson), the EJCR purposely presents possible owners with the qualifier “possibly” in order to encourage further research.

If it is known that a work was with the gallery or dealer on consignment, and that they did not own the work, their name will be shown in brackets. It is not always known whether a gallery or dealer owned a work or had it on consignment.

Dates indicated are as precise as possible in order to highlight continuity and gaps in the currently known provenance.

Certain sources were considered authoritative for the purposes of the EJCR:

    • 1907 Estate Sale catalogue notations: Johnson scholar John I. H. Baur gave Hills access to his copy of the catalogue of the 1907 sale of Johnson’s estate, including penciled notations of the names of buyers.

    • Henry T. Tuckerman, Book of the American Artists: American Artist Life, 1867: Tuckerman's early survey of American art, including biographies of artists with descriptions and critiques of important works, also included an addendum listing artworks owned by major collectors of the time. 

    • John I. H. Baur, An American Genre Painter: Eastman Johnson, 1824–1906, 1940: Baur’s catalogue of Johnson’s work, written to supplement the catalogue for his 1940 exhibition of Johnson’s work at the Brooklyn Museum, listed owners. Although it is possible that in some cases he was reporting earlier ownership, pending more specific evidence of dates, their ownership is shown here as “by 1940.”

Considerable effort has been made to locate works whose whereabouts have been unknown, and many collectors have agreed to be listed as the present owners. In some instances private individuals and institutions have stated that they do not want their names displayed in the provenance. The EJCR team respects their wishes and has used the term “private collection.” However, if their ownership has been previously recorded in a publicly available publication, that information is included.

The digital format of the EJCR enables provenance to be updated as more research is conducted and artworks change hands in the future. —AM

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Bibliography

Within catalogue entries, published and unpublished references to individual works are listed in the Bibliography tab. Click the abbreviated publication title to see the full citation for the publication, as well as a list of other Johnson works included in the publication. AM

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Hills examination/opinion

Unique to the EJCR are Hills’s examination notes and her letters to owners of paintings, which point out the characteristics of a work that are typical of Johnson’s hand. —PH

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Sitter Biography

A special component to the EJCR is the Sitter Biography tab within the catalogue entries for portraits, including short biographies of Johnson’s sitters. Sitters are identified enough that guests to the site can do their own further research. The identifications here presented were drawn from nineteenth- and early twentieth-century biographical encyclopedias, genealogy resources, obituaries, period newspapers, and correspondence with descendants of Johnson and his siblings. Basic information, where known, includes birth and death dates, professions, names of parents, spouses, and children, and especially notable deeds for which the sitter is known. Special attention was paid to finding biographical information for women. For U.S. presidents, the information has been trimmed to present only the dates of birth, death, and term in office.

For some biographies we have attached photocopies of biographies from Hills’s archives; those sources are the National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, and Cyclopedia of Painters and Paintings. Dates of publication from the encyclopedia volumes are missing from Hills’s archives; guests to the site can research these dates as needed. —PH

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Images

Extensive effort has been made to provide images of as many Johnson works as possible. Images have been obtained from institutions and private collectors, and photographs taken by Hills and MacGibeny are included as well. For some works an image is in the process of being added, and its placeholder is labeled "Image pending." For other works, especially very early works known from historical documentation only, no image is available. Photographs taken by Hills and MacGibeny are in the public domain. See the Terms of Use regarding your use of other images. —AM

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Works After This Work

Copies made of Johnson’s works during his lifetime are shown in the Works After This Work tab of the catalogue entries. There are two types of works after Johnson: Period Portrait Copies after Johnson and Prints after Johnson.

Period Portrait Copies after Johnson: Other artists occasionally painted copies of Johnson's oil portraits for their clients, for reasons which could have included Johnson’s unavailability or his higher prices, or simply the clients' preference to hire a different artist.

Prints after Johnson: Prints were produced after certain works by Johnson, such as his Negro Life at the South and Barefoot Boy, to capitalize on his popularity and bring his work to a broader public at a relatively affordable price. Other prints were made expressly for use as illustrations in books.

The fact that these prints were made during Johnson’s lifetime implies that he was aware of, even if not directly involved in, their making. See Works after Eastman Johnson for a full list of these period portrait copies and prints. —AM

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Keywords

Keywords connect works that share common characteristics. For example, the subject matter keyword “musicians” brings up a group of entries in which Johnson depicts people playing or holding musical instruments, regardless of theme. Keywords named for portrait sitters will display all portraits of those individuals; there are also keywords for families. “Inscription type” keywords link works that share a similar style of signature. Keywords enable visual and thematic comparisons and illuminate Johnson’s interests and methods. —AM

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Collections

Collections containing works by Johnson are listed alphabetically by name, and also may be sorted alphabetically by country. You can filter the collections further by using the side menu to select Name (by first letter), Ownership History (present or past collection), and Country. When the United States is selected, a list of states appears to narrow down your search. Private collections which have requested anonymity are not listed under Collections unless their ownership has previously been recorded in a publicly available publication. —AM

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Exhibitions

Exhibitions of Johnson's work are listed chronologically. You can sort the list by abbreviation (organizer’s name), location and title. You can also filter the list to narrow it down by decade and country. Click on the name of an exhibition for more information, including all of the Johnson works included in that exhibition.

The major exhibitions of Johnson’s work include:

1907: Century Association, New York, Memorial Exhibition of Eastman Johnson, February 9–13, 1907.

1920: Kennedy Galleries, New York, Charcoal Drawings of Eminent Americans by Eastman Johnson, June 1920.

1939–40: Brooklyn Museum of Art, Brooklyn, New York, An American Genre Painter: Eastman Johnson, 1824–1906, January 18, 1939–February 26, 1940.

1972: Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, Eastman Johnson: Retrospective Exhibition, March 28–May 14, 1972.

1999–2000: Brooklyn Museum of Art, Brooklyn, New York, Eastman Johnson: Painting America, October 29, 1999–February 6, 2000. —AM

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Bibliography

The bibliography contains published and unpublished references to Johnson’s works, such as books, journal and newspaper articles, unpublished manuscripts, and historical correspondence. The full list of literature is displayed by abbreviation (author), and you can sort the list by year and literature type as well. You can also narrow down your search using the Type, Decade, and Abbreviation filters on the left side of the list. View all publications by Patricia Hills using the link at the top of the list. —AM

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Resources

Resources are supplementary materials useful for understanding Johnson’s life and the context and development of his art. Current resources include a chronology of Johnson’s life and career; the essays “Art Historical Context of Johnson’s Art: Genre Painting and Portraiture” and “Technical Information on Johnson's Practices” by Patricia Hills; Works After Eastman Johnson; and the Concordance, which allows you to list and compare all Johnson works according to their Hills numbers, Baur numbers, and 1907 Sale numbers. —AM

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Please note that the information on this and all pages is periodically reviewed and subject to change.
Citation: Hills, Patricia, and Abigael MacGibeny. "Guide to the Eastman Johnson Catalogue Raisonné." Eastman Johnson Catalogue Raisonné. www.eastmanjohnson.org/section/?id=guide (accessed on March 19, 2024).